A rare case report of neonatal calcinosis cutis induced by distant and delayed extravasation of intravenous calcium gluconate

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Arch Plast Surg. 2021;48(6):641-645

Publication date (electronic) : 2021 November 15

doi : https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2020.01942

Kwang Hyeon Ahn, Eun Soo Park

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea

Correspondence: Eun Soo Park Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14584, Korea Tel: +82-32-621-5319 Fax: +82-32-621-5016 E-mail: peunsoo@schmc.ac.kr

This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.

Received 2020 October 9; Revised 2021 June 17; Accepted 2021 July 7.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Hypocalcemia is a frequently observed clinical and laboratory abnormality in neonates. Ionic calcium is crucial for many biochemical processes including blood coagulation, neuromuscular excitability, cell membrane integrity, and many of the cellular enzymatic activities [1]. Hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium of less than 7 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) or ionized calcium less than 4 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) in preterm infants and less than 8 mg/dL (2 mmol/L; total) or < 1.2 mmol/L (ionic) in term neonates [2]. Neonatal hypocalcemia can cause neuromuscular irritability, prolonged QT interval, and furthermore, in severe hypocalcemia, it can lead to decreased contractibility and heart failure. So early management of hypocalcemia is important to prevent these complications. In the case of patient with neuromuscular irritability, prompt management with intravenous calcium is required [3]. Sometimes, during the intravenous injection, the extravasation of calcium gluconate can occur. The symptoms are marked by swelling and erythema, and these symptoms usually resolve with conservative treatment [4-6]. In case of severe symptoms like soft tissue necrosis or infection with local calcification, it is called calcinosis cutis. Presentation of calcinosis cutis after injection of intravenous calcium gluconate is very rare, and they are only two reports of this disease in the orthopedic literature [7]. This report is about this rare case of a neonate with calcinosis cutis after calcium gluconate injection for hypocalcemia in a neonate. The approval of the Institutional Review Board of Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital (IRB No. 2021-04-001) was obtained for review of the patient record. The patients’ legal guardian provided informed consent for the publication of clinical case and the accompanying patients’ photographs.

CASE

A 3,480 g male neonate was delivered at 40 weeks of gestation and labor by vaginal birth. Mother was 42 years old and have no past medical history. She did not use any medication during the pregnancy period and had taken scheduled prenatal examinations. There was no family history regarding congenital anomaly.

The child’s Apgar score was 8 at 1 minute and 10 at 5 minutes. He was stable until the 48 hours after birth when he showed tachypnea symptom. The respiratory rate was continuously checked over 50 per minute. He was transferred to author’s hospital for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management and the serum ionized calcium level was 0.66 mmol/L by routine clinical analysis. The hospital’s normal value of calcium level was 1.09 to 1.30 mmol/L. Next, follow-up routine analysis showed ionized calcium level of 0.45mg/dL and he started to show tetanus symptoms. The patient was diagnosed neonatal hypocalcemia, and the he was injected calcium gluconate intravenously through femoral vein catheter. The initial loading dose was 600 mg of calcium gluconate, and another 2.5 g of calcium gluconate was additionally injected. In second day after the injection, he started to show 5 × 2 cm size of erythema in the flank area (Fig. 1A), and the erythema started to change into firm and whitish crust from the margin to center.

Fig. 1.

Initial photographic findings of calcinosis cutis at flank area. (A) The patient had erythema in the flank area and its initial size was 5×2 cm. (B) The erythema became firm and changed into whitish crust consist of small crystals.

We tried to prevent infection of the wound by dressing the wound with antiseptic ointment, and tried not to dry up the wound with the hydrocellular foam dressing material. He was discharged on 9 days of admission, and routinely visited plastic surgery outpatient department for the management of the flank wound. The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the flank wound changed into total whitish crust consist of small crystals (Fig. 1B). Abdominal X-ray and ultrasonography showed accumulation of calcium deposit in the subcutaneous lesion of the flank (Fig. 2). He was finally diagnosed with calcinosis cutis following injection of calcium gluconate. When the crust became completely delineated, surgical debridement was performed (Fig. 3A). Careful dissection was done to minimize the soft tissue injury and the deep margin of the crust was only limited in subcutaneous layer. After the debridement, the defect size was 4 × 3 cm. There was no exposure of fascia, and muscle layer. Acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3 (Kerecis, Arlington, VA, USA) was applied to the defect site for secondary intention of the wound (Fig. 3B). The Kerecis was cut according to the wound size, and soaked in 0.9% normal saline for 1 minute for hydration.

Fig. 2.

Radiographic findings of calcinosis cutis. Abdominal X-ray (A) and ultrasonography (B) showed accumulation of calcium deposit in the subcutaneous lesion of the flank (white arrows).

Fig. 3.

Debridement and Kerecis application. Surgical debridement was performed (A) and acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3 (Kerecis) was applied to the defect site for secondary intention of the wound (B). (C) The wound size diminished day by day with marginal epithelization.

Then it was applied to the wound, and covered with hydrocellular foam (Allevyn Gentle Border; Smith & Nephew, London, UK). The patient visited outpatient department two times per week. At each visit, the wound was cleaned and debrided, the wound size was photodocumented. New omega-3 matrix was re-applied to the wound.

The wound size diminished day by day with marginal epithelization (Fig. 3C). There was no infection sign during the treatment. After 2 months, the defect was fully covered with healthy normal skin. There was no depression or contracture at the wound site. There was only pigmentation in the scar. The patient continued to follow up for the wound observation and there was no more deposit of calcification since the complete healing (Fig. 4). The follow-up X-ray showed no more calcification deposit in the flank area.

Fig. 4.

Follow-up photographic finding after 4 months. The patient continued to follow up for the wound observation and there was no more deposit of calcification since the complete healing.

DISCUSSION

The first two case about the complication of calcium gluconate injection were reported in 1936 in the medical literature [8,9]. In these cases, the intramuscular injection was pointed as a risk factor, so since then, the intravenous injection was recommended to reduce iatrogenic complication [10]. Sometimes, intravenous injection may be extravasated, which means leakage of injection out of the vein to the surrounding soft tissue. This leakage result to accumulation of calcium crystal in the skin and soft tissue of the patient, leading infection and necrosis of the tissue. These condition is named calcinosis cutis.

The type of calcinosis cutis are categorized into four categories: dystrophic, metastatic, idiopathic, and iatrogenic [11]. Dystrophic type is calcification resulted from local tissue infection or diseased tissues [12]. Metastatic calcification is result of abnormal calcium or phosphate metabolism caused by systemic disease [12]. Idiopathic calcification is rarely occurs, and any process causing calcification can result secondary ossification [13]. Iatrogenic type is accumulation of calcium crystal after injection of calcium gluconate [14].

Extravasation is damage caused by the efflux of solutions from a vessel into surrounding tissue spaces during intravenous infusion [15]. In the prior cases about the calcinosis cutis following extravasation of calcium gluconate, the wound is near the injection site [7]. Sonohata et al. [7] reported a case of calcinosis cutis in the dorsum of wrist and the injection and extravasation site was the dorsum of the affected hand. In our case, the injection site was right dorsum of the feet, and the extravasation and calcification occurred at the flank of the patient. It is a rare case of calcinosis cutis as the deposit site is remote from the injection site of calcium gluconate. As typical iatrogenic calcinosis cutis occurs following extravasation, it was difficult to diagnose this atypical patient. We first assumed the wound as pressure sore by the inappropriate position change in NICU. However, the wound become whitish from the margin, and the whitish crust was consist of calcium-like crystal. So we all reviewed the medical record of the patient from the beginning, and found the use of calcium gluconate for management of hypocalcemia. This case is important case of calcinosis cutis, as iatrogenic calcification can occur anywhere in the body, unlike the typical extravasation cases. So clinicians should remind not to neglect calcinosis cutis even though there is no extravasation symptom around the injection site of calcium gluconate.

In this case, we used Kerecis to promote secondary intention of the wound. Kerecis is acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3. This fish skin graft is composed of important components of extracellular matrix structural proteins including glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycan, fibronectin, and growth factors [16]. These components promote granulation and epithelization of the wounds [17]. Also, in fish skin graft, there is additional benefits of omega-3 lipids. Omega-3 fatty acids help wound healing with anti-inflammatory effect and are resistant to bacterial colonization [18,19]. With combination of extracellular matrix component and omega-3 lipids, the Kerecis provide nutrient wound environment for epithelization. The authors also observed the dynamic improvement of the affected wound with use of this acellular fish skin graft. There was fast granulation of the tissue, and there was no infection sign until the 2 months of total epithelization. Another advantage of piscine skin acellular matrix was the convenience of dressing. The patient do not need to change the dressing daily. Just visiting the outpatient department one or two times per week is enough. Especially in this case, as the patient was infant, simplifying the dressing method with the Kerecis was better than other dressing methods for both doctor and patient.

We describe a rare and untypical case of neonate with calcinosis cutis lesion on flank, following the extravasation of distantly injected intravenous calcium gluconate. Several case reports were documented in dermatology and pediatric literature about the calcinosis cutis following the immediate extravasation of the calcium gluconate in injection site, but there was no case of extravasation of distantly injected intravenous calcium gluconate. This report is a first case of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis with distant and delayed extravasation of calcium gluconate. Clinicians always remind there can be iatrogenic calcinosis cutis with the distant and delayed extravasation of the injection, and careful examination of the wound and review of medical history may be useful for diagnosis of this disease. Also, the Kerecis provided fast healing and great aesthetic result in this patient.

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