Achilles tendon reconstruction with a half-width Achilles graft and wrap-around fascial flap

Article information

Arch Plast Surg. 2019;46(3):267-271

Publication date (electronic) : 2019 April 2

doi : https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2018.00066

Theddeus Octavianus Hari Prasetyono^,1,2, Fransisca Sisca³

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

²Indonesian Clinical Training and Education Center (ICTEC), Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

³Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Correspondence: Theddeus Octavianus Hari Prasetyono Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No 71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia Tel: +62-21-31931424 Fax: +62-21-31931424 E-mail: teddyohprasetyono@yahoo.com

This article was presented at the First East Area Orthopedics Summit Forum on October 19–22, 2017, in Ningbo, China.

We thank Nadya Zaragita, M.D. for providing the schematic drawing.

Received 2018 January 13; Revised 2018 August 15; Accepted 2018 August 30.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Patients with neglected Achilles tendon rupture have a greater tendency to experience several functional problems, specifically, gait disturbance, difficulty climbing up and down stairs, playing sports, standing on tip toes, and maintaining weight balance [1-3]. Thus, surgical reconstruction is strongly indicated for such a condition. Various surgical reconstructive methods are available, which mostly depend on the size of the defect and the state of the remaining tendon [3-6]. Herein, the authors report a case of a 70-year-old man with a neglected post-traumatic Achilles tendon rupture who underwent surgical treatment using an autograft taken from the Achilles tendon itself, which was wrapped with vascularized fascia.

CASE

A 70-year-old man who had remained active in his professional career experienced a gait problem after his right foot slipped into a ditch while he was running. He was unable to perform active plantar flexion, stand on tip-toe, or maintain his balance while walking. He thought that he had only sustained a sprain, so he refused any surgical intervention and had instead been undergoing traditional treatment by routine massage since the accident. He visited our clinic 3 months after the injury. On physical examination, the ankle looked swollen with a loss of the Achilles contour and obvious gait disturbance. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, and showed evidence of an Achilles tendon rupture (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Magnetic resonance imaging photo

A 5-cm gap in the Achilles tendon shown on magnetic resonance imaging.

Under general anesthesia with a regional block, the patient underwent surgery in a prone position after giving consent. Using a one-per-mil tumescent injection without a tourniquet, surgery was performed in a clear operative field. The surgical approach was made through a mid-axial incision from the midpoint of the crural length to the calcaneal prominence. This revealed that the distal stump of the tendon was fragile and ragged, while the gap observed on the MRI was confirmed to be about 5 cm (Fig. 2A).

Fig. 2.

Schematic drawing of the procedure

(A) The distal stump tissue remnants were in disarray. (B) A 7-cm half-width graft was harvested to accommodate the length needed. (C) An ipsilateral gastrocnemius fascial flap was harvested. (D) The vascularized fascia was wrapped around the tendon graft in a spiraling mode.

As there was barely any healthy Achilles tissue available at the distal stump, the author decided to take a 7-cm half-width of Achilles tendon, to be used as a reconstructive graft (Fig. 2B). The graft was then inserted into the calcaneal prominence and secured using a 0.3-mm steel wire in a double-strand Bunnell fashion. Meanwhile, a double-core Bunnell/modified Kessler suturing technique was performed to suture the graft to the proximal Achilles stump using polypropylene 1-0. A slight bunching of the repair site was intended to ensure strong tissue contact. Subsequently, a polypropylene 4-0 running suture was used to encircle the repair site.

An ipsilateral gastrocnemius fascial flap 7-cm long and 3-cm wide with a distally-based pedicle was then harvested to wrap the tendon graft (Fig. 2C). The fascial flap was wrapped in a spiraling fashion and secured with 3-0 polyglactin 910 sutures (Fig. 2D). All of the reconstructive procedures were reassessed with a tension balance check by measuring the tension of the repaired tendon by lightly pressing the foot into dorsiflexion with the knee in 90° flexion (Fig. 3). Finally, the skin was closed with a continuous intradermal suture, and the ankle was immobilized in a below-knee circular cast for 6 weeks. The surgical procedure lasted for approximately 2 hours.

Fig. 3.

Tension balance check

An intraoperative maneuver to check the tension balance is shown.

During the first 6 weeks in the cast, the patient was instructed to perform isometric muscle contraction exercises. The patient wore an air boot while gradually mobilizing himself in partial-weight mode during weeks 7 to 10. Subsequently at the same time period, he was trained to perform active ankle stretching. Afterwards, the patient participated in a part-time full-weight-bearing program while still wearing the air boot. In weeks 11 and 12, the patient was in a full-time weight-bearing program. The patient did not use a cane or walker during full weight bearing.

The patient walked normally at 6 months after surgery, as shown in the attached video clip (Supplemental Video 1), and was also able to stand on tip-toe (Fig. 4). However, he still felt light pain on the anterior dorsum of the ankle when he walked down stairs. Nonetheless, he was able to climb steps normally without any discomfort.

Fig. 4.

Standing on tip-toe

After recovery, the patient was able to stand on his toes.

DISCUSSION

The goal of Achilles tendon reconstruction is to restore length, strength, and function. To elaborate, the reconstruction aims to achieve restoration of musculotendinous length and tension, to optimize soleus and gastrocnemius strength and function, and to avoid ankle stiffness [7]. Technically, surgical methods to repair a neglected Achilles tendon rupture depend on the gap size. While a gap greater than 2 cm might require complex surgical repair, a simple end-to-end repair could be the technique of choice when the gap between the tendon ends is less than 2 cm. However, chronic cases with such a small tendon gap are rare, given that the tendon ends typically contract with fiber disarray.

A gap between tendon ends of more than 2 to 5 cm most fundamentally requires myotendinous lengthening, such as the tongue-in-groove lengthening technique [3]. Surgery to reconstruct the Achilles becomes more challenging when the gap size is greater than 5 cm. Several techniques have been reported, including tendon transfer, the use of a tendon allograft, and various other innovations. Interestingly, tendon transfer is the most widely used technique, based on the functional outcomes of donors taken from the peroneus brevis [3,8], flexor hallucis longus [8], flexor digitorum longus [3,8], and tibialis anterior [8]. However, tendon transfer comes with inherent drawbacks, such as the need to sacrifice functional structure of the donor area as well as creating a donor wound; this, in turn, weakens the motor function originally handled by the donor tendon. Most important, the reconstruction of the Achilles, which is the largest tendon in the body, will not be in balance when compared to the donor size, which is inevitably much smaller than the Achilles.

The other technique for repairing a neglected Achilles tendon rupture is an allograft. The use of an allograft has been recommended when a significant segmental defect is encountered (such as >10 cm when fascia advancement or tendon transfer is unavailable to provide sufficient bridging between the tendon ends) [3]. The author did not use an allograft because of its classic susceptibility to rejection, deep infection, and the spread of infectious disease [6]. Several studies have shown that allograft tissue takes longer to incorporate; furthermore, a tendon rupture could occur if the allograft is not properly replaced by self-tissue [9].

The use of synthetic materials, such as vascular grafts, carbon fiber composites, polyglycol thread, and polyester mesh, also have some advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are mainly not needing to sacrifice any functional tendon structure, and avoiding extensive incision and dissection [3]. However, synthetic materials are not absorbed and remodeled, potentially leading to inflammation [6].

Instead of adopting the existing techniques as reported earlier, the author used a half-width Achilles graft attached to the calcaneus, and fascial wrap-around for this case. Some justifications for this choice include a gap between tendon ends of at least 5 cm, a lack of remaining tissue at the distal stump, and the patient’s desire to avoid a donor harvest from elsewhere in the body. This technique has advantages over other methods; notably, it could be performed without needing to use the distal stump, as seen in this case, in which the tendon was in disarray. Moreover, drilling the calcaneal bone would not compromise the bone mass, as it would only require a 1-mm drill bit. On the other hand, the method requires a large volume of graft tissue, which may not be able to draw on an adequate vascular supply; thus, the vascularized fascial graft wrapped around the tendon mass is designed to support the graft take. Although postoperative MRI was not performed because of patient refusal, the final functional evaluation showed an excellent outcome.

Healing of the Achilles tendon after surgery is a complex and lengthy process. The postsurgical regimen was in accordance with a previous postsurgical rehabilitation recommendation [10], although it seemed to be less aggressive than Freedman’s recommendation [11]. However, entering the 3rd month, our rehabilitation program was more aggressive than Freedman’s.

At the final follow-up, the patient had achieved a normal gait, although he still felt light pain on the foot dorsum while stepping down stairs. This pain was not related to the repaired structure and might have been caused by long immobilization in a geriatric patient.

Supplementary Material

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