This article was presented as (Oral presentations) at the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Plastische Chirurgie Wetenschappelijke Vergadering (Nijmegen, The Netherlands, October 2013), the American Cleft Palate Association 71st Annual Meeting (Indianapolis, USA, March 2014), and The 9th International 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Meeting (Mallorca, Spain, June 2014).
Factor | All (n = 50) | Normal speech (n = 17) | Different speech (n = 33) | Significance (P-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 31 (62) | 14 (82) | 17 (52) | 0.06a) |
Age (yr) (median, range) | 18 (12–26) | 20 (12–26) | 18 (14–25) | 0.66b) |
Age under 16 years | 15 (33) | 4 (23) | 11 (33) | 0.53a) |
Caucasian | 39 (87)c) | 13 (87)c) | 29 (91)c) | 0.50a) |
Cleft palate | 13 (26) | 2 (13) | 11 (37) | 0.17a) |
Age repair (yr) (median, range) | 5.7 (0.2–11.7) | 6.2 (2.6–11.7) | 5.0 (0.2–10.5) | 0.60b) |
Pharyngoplasty | 23 (46) | 8 (47) | 15 (46) | 1.00a) |
Age (yr) (median, range) | 6.0 (2.2–12.4) | 6.4 (3.7–11.7) | 6.0 (2.2–12.4) | 0.75b) |
Preoperative speech rating (median, range) | 4 (2–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (2–5) | 0.53b) |
Expected normalization | 10 (50)c) | 4 (50) | 7 (54)c) | 1.00a) |
Changedexpectations | 5 (24)c) | 1 (13) | 4 (29)c) | 0.61a) |
Satisfied | 17 (71)c) | 8 (100) | 10 (71)c) | 0.16a) |
Speech and language therapy | 50 (100) | 17 (100) | 33 (100) | |
Years (median, range) | 6.0 (1–17) | 3.0 (1–17) | 6.5 (1–14) | 0.11b) |
Sessions/week (median, range) | 1 (1–5) | 1 (1–4) | 1 (1–5) | 0.89b) |
Minutes/session (median, range) | 30 (15–60) | 30 (20–60) | 30 (15–60) | 0.12b) |
Currently continuing | 8 (16) | 1 (6) | 7 (21) | 0.24a) |
Stopped after sufficiently understandable | 21 (66)c) | 11 (85)c) | 11 (46)c) | |
Stopped due to no progress | 6 (19)c) | 1 (8)c) | 7 (29)c) | |
Stopped for another reason | 5 (16)c) | 1 (8)c) | 5 (21)c) | |
Frequent ear infections | 31 (69) | 12 (71) | 23 (70) | 1.00a) |
Grommets | 27 (79)c) | 9 (69) | 21 (81)c) | 0.45a) |
Fewer after pharyngoplasty | 4 (27)c) | 2 (40)c) | 2 (13) | 0.25a) |
Hearing aid | 8 (18) | 4 (24) | 5 (15) | 0.47a) |
Speech rating (median, range) | 2.0 (1–4) | 1 (1) | 2 (1.5–4) | |
Always understood by care-giver | 23 (46) | 15 (88) | 8 (24) | 0.00a) |
Always understood by teacher/employer | 21 (42) | 14 (82) | 7 (21) | 0.00a) |
Always understood by adults | 14 (28) | 11 (65) | 3 (9) | 0.00a) |
Always understood by peers | 19 (38) | 13 (77) | 6 (18) | 0.00a) |
Never receive comments | 19 (38)c) | 13 (77) | 6 (19)c) | 0.00a) |
Never need to explain | 18 (36) | 14 (82) | 4 (12) | 0.00a) |
Normal understandability and acceptability | 17 (39)c) | 17 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.00a) |
Full-scale intelligence quotient (median, range) | 65 (45–89)c) | 70 (45–89)c) | 64 (46–88)c) | 0.43b) |