Author, Year | Age (yr) | Etiology (n) | Defect/Flap size Tajima classification [1] | Reconstruction | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nazerani et al. [6], 2010 | 21.9 (4.5 mo–64 yr) |
Burns (2) Congenital nevi (2) Avulsion (1) |
6% TBSA 4%, 7% TBSA 5% TBSA Tajima 1–3 |
Two-stage, pre-expanded latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps (free & pedicled) | Secondary operations (two to five); patients were “satisfied”, no follow-up described |
Liu et al. [7], 2012 | 13 | Congenital nevi (1) |
10% TBSA Tajima 1 |
Multi-stage, pre-expanded local/ random patterned tissue flaps | Eight operations total; Normal function at 8 months follow-up |
Shachar et al. [8], 2016 |
1.8 (10–38 mo) |
Congenital nevi (8) |
122 ± 63.2 (57–238) cm2 Tajima 1 |
Three-stage, pre-expanded, bi-pedicled “sleeve” flap from lateral abdomen and/or flank | “Satisfactory” functional and cosmetic outcomes at 36 months follow-up |
Ding et al. [9], 2016 | 4 | Congenital nevi (1) |
27 × 15 cm Tajima 1 |
Two-stage, pre-expanded, pedicled flank flap | “Good” functional and cosmetic outcomes at 6 months follow-up |
Ng et al. [10], 2016 | 68 | Iatrogenic (post-oncological resection) |
24 × 10 cm Tajima 3 |
Muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap+arthrodesis | Revision surgery (2); pre-morbid function preserved at 23 months follow-up |
Balakrishnan et al. [11], 2004 | 28, 44 | Burns (2) |
? Tajima 1–2 |
Escharotomy, excision, STSG |
Chronic lymphedema; Limited hand function at 2–3 years follow-up |
Eberlin et al. [12], 2014 | 44 | Burns (1) |
- Tajima 3 |
Upper extremity allotransplant | “Excellent” functional outcome at 14 months follow-up |
Shen et al. [13], 1990 | 46 | Electrocution |
? Tajima 2 |
Pedicled greater omentum+arterial bypass (between palmar and gastroepiploic arteries) |
“Reasonably good” no specific follow-up described |
Hu et al. [14], 2013 | 21 (19–32) | Electrocution (6) |
PF 22 × 11 (19 × 10 to 24 × 11 cm) LAF 12 × 10 (10 × 10 to 14 × 11 cm) Tajima 1–3 |
Partial rectus abdominis muscle/ PF+LAF | Liquefaction, infection (2); interpositional vein grafting to radial artery (2); no report of functional outcomes at 6 to 12 months follow-up |
Sanguinetti [15], 1977 |
3, 24 | Degloving, avulsion (2) |
? Tajima 3 |
Defatting and replacement of degloved flap as FTSG (1); FTSG+STSG | Secondary thoracoabdominal flap for contracture release; “limited” functional recovery, no specific follow-up described |
Jeng and Wei [16], 1997 | 33 (8–62) | Degloving (12) |
? Tajima 2 |
FTSG from defatted and avulsed flap | Superficial necrosis (5), contracture release (2); “satisfied” functional outcome at 2 to 4 years follow-up |
Hazani et al. [17], 2009 | 24 | Crush (1) |
15 × 25 cm Tajima 3 |
Dorsal thoracic fascial flap |
Secondary operation (× 1); “Excellent” functional outcome at 6 months follow-up |
Seitz et al. [18], 2009 |
13 54 |
Pitbull mauling (1) |
750 cm2 Tajima 3 |
Tissue expansion, scapular free flap+STSG | Secondary revision with STSG excision, omental free flap new STSG; stable function at 7 months follow-up |
Crush-degloving+burn (1) |
400 cm2 Tajima 3 |
Serial debridement, NPWT, omental free flap+STSG | Undergoing therapy at 6 months follow-up | ||
Kim et al. [19], 2014 | 56.3 (33–70) |
Crush (4) Embolus (1) Cellulitis (2) |
16 × 9 (10 × 8 to 28 × 13 cm) Tajima 1–3 |
Latissimus dorsi perforator flap | Partial flap loss (1); mean DASH score 18.2 at mean follow-up of 11.7 months |